used after a verb as a marker to show that the action has been completed
used after an adjective to show a change in a state
四十
sei3 sap6
forty
分鐘
fan1 zung1
minute
既
gei3
already
車程
ce1 cing4
car journey
我
ngo5
I
me
my
us
we
our
self
地
deng6
-ly
structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct
earth
soil
ground
region
the base of the coffin
到
dou3
to (a place)
until (a time)
up to
to go
to arrive
(verb complement denoting completion or result of an action)
been to
a particle used after a verb or adjective to indicate degree
extent
砂
saa1
sand
gravel
granule
grit
gritty
sand like material
cinnabar
abrasive cloth
mortar
golddust
sandpit
grindstone
emerywheel
granulated
sandy
之
zi1
1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的de [的]), ‘s 2. him 3. her 4. it 5. subordinate particle 6. this 7. that 8. these 9. those 10. to go to 11. an expletive in a phrase or a sentence with no particular meaning 12. (of road) branch
美術館
mei5 seot1 gun2
art museum
了
liu4
(modal particle intensifying preceding clause)
(completed action marker)
to finish
to end
to settle
a final particle indicating change of situation to understand
a verb particle indicating possibility
to put in
to take away
to escape
flee in secret
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